Queen Victoria:
For different uses, see Empress (disambiguation).
Victoria
Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg
Victoria sporting her tiny diamond crown
Photograph by Alexander Bassano, 1882
Queen of the uk (more...)
Reign 20 June 1837 – twenty two Jan 1901
Coronation 28 June 1838
Predecessor William IV
Successor Edward VII
Prime Ministers See list
Empress of Asian country
Reign 1 could 1876 – twenty two Jan 1901
Imperial Durbar 1 Jan 1877
Successor Edward VII
Viceroys See list
Spouse Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Issue
Detail
Victoria, German Emperor
Edward VII
Alice, duchess of Hermann Hesse
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Princess state capital
Princess Louise, peeress of Argyll
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
Princess Beatrice
Full name
Alexandrina Victoria
House House of Hanover
Father Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Born 24 could 1819
Kensington Palace, London
Died 22 Jan 1901 (aged 81)
Osborne House, island of Wight
Burial 4 Gregorian calendar month 1901
Frogmore, Windsor
Signature
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; twenty four could 1819 – twenty two Jan 1901) was Queen of the uk of nice Britain|kingdom} and Ireland from twenty June 1837 till her death. From one could 1876, she used the extra title of Emperor of Asian country.
Victoria was the girl of Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King King of Great Britain. each the Duke of Kent and King King of Great Britain died in 1820, and Victoria was raised below shut direction by her German-born mother patrician Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She transmissible the throne at age eighteen, once her father's 3 elder brothers had all died, effort no living legitimate kids. The uk was already a longtime constitutional autarchy, within which the sovereign control comparatively very little direct political power. Privately, Victoria tried to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; in public, she became a national icon WHO was known with strict standards of non-public morality.
Victoria married her relative, aristocrat Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their 9 kids married into royal and noble families across the continent, ligature them along and earning her the cognomen "the grandma of Europe". once Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a results of her seclusion, political theory quickly gained strength, however within the latter 1/2 her reign, her quality recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.
Her reign of sixty three years and 7 months, that is longer than that of the other British monarch and therefore the longest of any female aristocrat in history, is understood because the Victorian era. it had been a amount of business, cultural, political, scientific, and military modification among the uk, and was marked by a good enlargement of Brits Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover. Her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the road of his father.
Birth and family:
Victoria aged four
Victoria, aged four
Painting by author Poyntz Denning, 1823
Victoria's father was Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the ruling King of the uk, George III. Until 1817, Edward's kinswoman, patrician Charlotte of Wales, was the sole legitimate offspring of King of Great Britain. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his divorced brothers to marry and have kids. In 1818 he married patrician Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a single German patrician WHO already had 2 children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her 1st wedding to the aristocrat of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was patrician Charlotte's adult male. The Duke and peeress of Kent's solely kid, Victoria, was born at four.15 a.m. on twenty four could 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.
Victoria was christened in camera by the bishop of town, Charles Manners-Sutton, on twenty four June 1819 within the Cupola space at Kensington Palace. She was baptized Alexandrina, once one amongst her godparents, Emperor Czar Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria once her mother. further names projected by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were born on the directions of the Duke's elder brother, the aristocrat Regent (later martyr IV).
At birth, Victoria was fifth within the line of succession once her father and his 3 older brothers: the aristocrat Regent, the Duke of royal family, and therefore the Duke of carriage (later William IV). The aristocrat Regent and therefore the Duke of royal family were alienated from their wives, WHO were each past child-bearing age, therefore the 2 eldest brothers were unlikely to possess any longer kids. The Dukes of Kent and carriage married on identical day twelve months before Victoria's birth, however each of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants. Victoria's granddaddy and father died in 1820, among per week of every different, and therefore the Duke of royal family died in 1827. On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, Victoria became inheritrix presumptive to her next living uncle, William IV. The Regency Act 1830 created special provision for the peeress of Kent to act as regent just in case William died whereas Victoria was still a minor. King William distrusted the Duchess's capability to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wished to measure till Victoria's eighteenth birthday, so a regency may be avoided.
Heiress presumptive:
Victoria along with her gun dog Dash, 1833
Painting by martyr Hayter
Victoria later represented her childhood as "rather melancholy" Her mother was very protecting, and Victoria was raised mostly isolated from different kids below the supposed "Kensington System", associate degree elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the peeress and her formidable and tyrannous bourgeois, Sir John Conroy, WHO was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the patrician from meeting individuals whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The peeress avoided the court as a result of she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard kids, and maybe prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insistence that her girl avoid any look of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedchamber along with her mother nightly, studied with non-public tutors to an everyday timetable, and spent her play-hours along with her dolls and her King Charles gun dog, Dash. Her lessons enclosed French, German, Italian, and Latin, however she spoke solely English reception.
Victoria's sketch of herself
Self-portrait, 1835
In 1830, the peeress of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to go to the Malvern Hills, stopping at cities and nice country homes on the method. Similar journeys to different components of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was sky-high welcome in every of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was involved that they represented Victoria as his rival instead of his inheritrix presumptive. Victoria unlikeable the trips; the constant spherical of public appearances created her tired and unwell, and there was very little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, however her mother discharged his complaints as impelled by jealousy, and compelled Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria narrowed a severe fever, that Conroy ab initio discharged as a immature pretence. whereas Victoria was unwell, Conroy and therefore the peeress unsuccessfully badgered her to create Conroy her non-public secretary. As a youngster, Victoria resisted persistent tries by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her workers. Once queen, she illegal him from her presence, however he remained in her mother's home.
By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, WHO had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his kinswoman to his kinsman, aristocrat Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold organized for Victoria's mother to ask her Coburg relatives to go to her in could 1836, with the aim of introducing Victoria to Prince Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of aristocrat Alexander of The Netherlands, second son of the aristocrat of Orange. Victoria was attentive to the varied marital plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. in step with her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the start. once the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is very handsome; his hair is regarding identical color as mine; his eyes ar giant and blue, and he includes a lovely nose and a really sweet mouth with fine teeth; however the charm of his countenance is his expression, that is most pleasant."Alexander, on the opposite hand, was "very plain".
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria thought of her "best and kindest adviser", to impart him "for the prospect of nice happiness you have got contributed to relinquish American state, within the person of pricey Prince Albert ... He possesses each quality that would be desired to render American state dead happy. he's therefore wise, so kind, then smart, then amiable too. He has besides the foremost pleasing and pleasant exterior and look you'll be able to probably see."However at seventeen, Victoria, although curious about Prince Albert, wasn't nevertheless able to marry. The parties didn't undertake a proper engagement, however assumed that the match would happen in due time.
Early reign:
Drawing of 2 men on their knees ahead of Victoria
Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (left) and therefore the bishop of town.
Victoria turned eighteen on twenty four could 1837, and a regency was avoided. On twenty June 1837, The Sailor King died at the age of seventy one, and Victoria became Queen of the uk. In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at six o'clock by Mamma, WHO told American state the bishop of town and Lord Conyngham were here and wanted to check American state. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then familiar with American state that my poor Uncle, the King, was no additional, and had invalid at twelve minutes past a pair of this morning, and consequently that i'm Queen." Official documents ready on the primary day of her reign represented her as Alexandrina Victoria, however the primary name was withdrawn at her own would like and not used once more.
Since 1714, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland had shared a monarch with Hanover in European nation, however below legal code ladies were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. whereas Victoria transmissible all Brits dominions, Hanover passed instead to her father's younger brother, her less-traveled uncle the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, WHO became King Ernest Emperor of Rome I of Hanover. He was her heritor till she married and had a baby.
Coronation portrait by martyr Hayter
At the time of her accession, the govt was LED by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, WHO directly became a robust influence on the politically inexperienced Queen, WHO relied on him for recommendation. Charles Greville supposed that the single and unfruitful Melbourne was "passionately keen on her as he may be of his girl if he had one", and Victoria in all probability saw him as a father figure. Her investiture passed off on twenty eight June 1838, and she or he became the primary sovereign to require up residence at palace. She transmissible the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, and was granted a budget of £385,000 per annum. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts.
At the beginning of her reign Victoria was fashionable, however her name suffered in associate degree 1839 court intrigue once one amongst her mother's ladies-in-waiting, girl Flora Hastings, developed associate degree abdominal growth that was wide rumoured to be associate degree out-of-wedlock physiological condition by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She unloved Conroy, and detested "that execrable girl Flora", as a result of she had conspired with Conroy and therefore the peeress of Kent within the Kensington System. At first, girl Flora refused to suffer a unadorned scrutiny, till in period she eventually united, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and therefore the opposition Tories unionised a press campaign implicating the Queen within the spreading of false rumours regarding girl Flora. once girl Flora died in July, the post-mortem disclosed an oversized tumor on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".
In 1839, Melbourne resigned once Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a Bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The Bill removed political power from plantation house owners WHO were resisting measures related to the abolishment of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir political leader, to make a replacement ministry. At the time, it had been customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal home, WHO were typically his political allies and their spouses. several of the Queen's girls of the bedroom were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to exchange them with wives of Tories. In what became called the bedroom crisis, Victoria, suggested by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to manipulate below the restrictions obligatory by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, permitting Melbourne to come back to workplace.
Marriage:
Painting of a lavish wedding attended by richly dressed individuals in an exceedingly brilliant space
Marriage of Victoria and Prince Albert
Painting by martyr Hayter
See also: wedding gown of Empress
Though queen, as associate degree divorced miss Victoria was needed by social convention to measure along with her mother, despite their variations over the Kensington System and her mother's continuing reliance on Conroy.Her mother was consigned to an overseas lodging in palace, and Victoria usually refused to check her. once Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's shut proximity secure "torment for several years", Melbourne sympathised however same it may be avoided by wedding, that Victoria known as a "schocking [sic] alternative". She showed interest in Albert's education for the long run role he would need to play as her husband, however she resisted tries to rush her into union.
Victoria continuing to praise Prince Albert following his second visit in October 1839. Prince Albert and Victoria felt sympathy and therefore the Queen projected to him on fifteen October 1839, simply 5 days once he had found Windsor. They were married on ten Gregorian calendar month 1840, within the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London. Victoria was blotto. She spent the evening once their wedding lying down with a headache, however wrote rapturously in her diary:
I NEVER, ne'er spent such associate degree evening!!! MY lover lover pricey Prince Albert ... his excessive love & feeling gave American state feelings of heavenly love & happiness I ne'er might have hoped to possess felt before! He clasped American state in his arms, & we have a tendency to kissed one another once more & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness – very however am i able to ever be glad enough to possess such a Husband! ... to be known as by names of tenderness, I actually have ne'er nevertheless detected wont to American state before – was walking on air on the far side belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life!
Albert became a vital political consultant yet because the Queen's companion, exchange Lord Melbourne because the dominant, prestigious figure within the half of her life. Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave sq.. once the death of patrician Augusta in 1840, Victoria's mother was given each carriage and Frogmore homes. Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and girl slowly improved.
Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford's arrange to assassinate Victoria, 1840
During Victoria's 1st physiological condition in 1840, within the 1st few months of the wedding, 18-year-old Edward Oxford tried to assassinate her whereas she was riding in an exceedingly carriage with aristocrat Prince Albert on her thanks to visit her mother. Oxford discharged double, however either each bullets incomprehensible or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot. He was tried for prime treason and located guilty, however was clean-handed on the grounds of mental disease. within the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's quality soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and therefore the bedroom crisis. Her girl, additionally named Victoria, was born on twenty one Gregorian calendar month 1840. The Queen unloved being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. even so, over the subsequent seventeen years, she and Prince Albert had an additional eight children: King of England, aristocrat of Wales (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857).
Victoria's home was mostly pass by her childhood instructor, peeress Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria, and had supported her against the Kensington System.Albert, however, thought Lehzen was incompetent, which her direction vulnerable his daughter's health. once a furious row between Victoria and Prince Albert over the problem, Lehzen was pensioned off, and Victoria's shut relationship along with her all over.
Emperor of India:
Wikisource has original text associated with this article:
Queen Victoria's Proclamation
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Brits archipelago Company, that had dominated abundant of Asian country, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian landmass were formally incorporated into Brits Empire. The Queen had a comparatively balanced read of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on each side. She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the results of this bloody civil war", and insisted, urged on by Prince Albert, that a political candidate proclamation asserting the transfer of power from the corporate to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and non secular toleration". At her bidding, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing spiritual freedom.
Victoria loved Heinrich von Angeli's 1875 portrait of her for its "honesty, total wish of compliment, and appreciation of character".
In the 1874 election, national leader was came to power. He passed the general public Worship Regulation Act 1874, that removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and that Victoria powerfully supported. She most popular short, straightforward services, and in person thought of herself additional aligned with the Presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He additionally pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from one could 1876. The new title was announced at the Old Delhi room of one Jan 1877.
On fourteen Dec 1878, the day of Albert's death, Victoria's second girl Alice, WHO had married Joe Louis of Hermann Hesse, died of contagion in Darmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost unbelievable and most mysterious". In could 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of patrician Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor previous sixtieth birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".
Between Gregorian calendar month 1877 and Gregorian calendar month 1878, she vulnerable 5 times to vacate whereas pressuring national leader to act against Russia throughout the Russo-Turkish War, however her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's school of thought policy, that Victoria supported, LED to conflicts like the Anglo-Zulu War and therefore the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If we have a tendency to ar to keep up our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be ready for attacks and wars, somewhere or different, frequently." Victoria saw the enlargement of Brits Empire as civilising and benign, protective native peoples from additional aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It isn't in our custom to add-on countries", she said, "unless we have a tendency to ar obligated & forced to try to to therefore."
To Victoria's dismay, national leader lost the 1880 election, and Gladstone came as prime minister. once national leader died the subsequent year, she was unsighted by "fast falling tears", and erected a monument "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."
Later years:
Victorian coin, 1884
On a pair of March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a discontented writer apparently pained by Victoria's refusal to simply accept one amongst his poems,shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor train depot. 2 schoolboys from public school affected him with their umbrellas, till he was hustled away by a peace officer. Victoria was umbrageous once he was found clean-handed by reason of mental disease, however was therefore happy by the various expressions of loyalty once the attack that she same it had been "worth being shot at—to see what quantity one is loved".
On seventeen March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, that left her lame till July; she ne'er totally recovered and was overrun with rheumatism thenceforth. Brown died ten days once her accident, and to the fear of her non-public secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a complimentary life history of Brown. Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, WHO had each seen early drafts, suggested Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it'd tend the rumours of a relationship. The manuscript was destroyed. In early 1884, Victoria did publish additional Leaves from a Journal of a Life within the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, that she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and devoted friend John Brown".On the day once the primary day of Brown's death, Victoria was sophisticated by message that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was "the lover of my pricey sons", she lamented. the subsequent month, Victoria's youngest kid, Beatrice, met and fell loving with aristocrat Henry of Battenberg at the marriage of Victoria's grandchild patrician Victoria of Hermann Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother aristocrat Joe Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, however Victoria opposed the match initially, want to stay Beatrice reception to act as her companion. once a year, she was won around to the wedding by Henry and Beatrice's promise to stay living with and attending her.
Victoria was happy once Gladstone resigned in 1885 once his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I actually have ever had", and blessed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord national capital. Salisbury's government solely lasted many months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she cited as a "half crazy & very in some ways ridiculous previous man". Gladstone tried to pass a bill granting eire self-determination, however to Victoria's glee it had been defeated. within the succeeding election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and therefore the government switched hands once more.
Golden Jubilee:
The Munshi stands over Victoria as she works at a table
Victoria and therefore the Munshi, Abdul Karim
In 1887, Brits Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden anniversary. Victoria marked the fiftieth day of her accession on twenty June with a banquet to that fifty kings and princes were invited. the subsequent day, she participated in an exceedingly procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey.By this point, Victoria was another time very fashionable.Two days soon twenty three June, she engaged 2 Indian Muslims as waiters, one amongst whom was Abdul Karim. He was shortly promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were shocked, and suspect Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim ultranationalistic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had song regarding his parentage, and rumored to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of Asian country, "the Munshi occupies much identical position as John Brown wont to do." Victoria discharged their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service till he came to Asian country with a pension on her death.
Victoria's eldest girl became Emperor consort of European nation in 1888, however she was single among the year, and Victoria's offspring Wilhelm became German Emperor as Kaiser Wilhelm. below Wilhelm, Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal European nation weren't consummated. He believed in autocracy. Victoria thought he had "little heart or Zartgefühl [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence are utterly wharped [sic]".
Gladstone came to power once the 1892 general election; he was eighty two years previous. Victoria objected once Gladstone projected appointing the novel MP Henry Labouchere to the cupboard, therefore Gladstone united to not appoint him.In 1894, Gladstone retired and, while not consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and therefore the following year Lord national capital replaced him. national capital remained prime minister for the rest of Victoria's reign.
Diamond Jubilee:
Seated Victoria in adorned and lace dress
Victoria in her official jubilee photograph by W. & D. Downey
On twenty three Gregorian calendar month 1896, Victoria surpassed her granddaddy King of Great Britain because the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed till 1897, to coincide along with her jubilee, that was created a pageant of Brits Empire at the suggestion of Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain.
The prime ministers of all the independent dominions were invited, and therefore the Queen's jubilee procession through London enclosed troops from everywhere the empire. The parade paused for associate degree outdoor service of thanksgiving control outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout that Victoria Sabbatum in her open carriage. The celebration was marked by nice outpourings of feeling for the senior citizen Queen.
Victoria visited land Europe frequently for holidays. In 1889, throughout a keep in Biarritz, she became the primary ruling monarch from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to line foot in European nation once she crossed the border for a quick visit. By Gregorian calendar month 1900, the war was therefore less-traveled in land Europe that her annual trip to France appeared inadvisable. Instead, the Queen visited eire for the primary time since 1861, partly to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son male monarch ("Affie") died; "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It may be a frightful year, nothing however disappointment & horrors of 1 kind & another."
Death and succession:
Queen Victoria aged eighty, 1899
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at John James Osborne House on the island of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her visual modality was clouded by cataracts. Through early Jan, she felt "weak and unwell", and by period she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tues, twenty two Jan 1901, at 0.5 past six within the evening, at the age of eighty one. Her son and successor King King of Great Britain, and her eldest grandchild, Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm of European nation, were at her deathbed.Her favorite pet spitz, Turri, was ordered upon her deathbed as a final request.
Poster proclaiming on a daily basis of mourning in Toronto on the day of Victoria's ceremony
In 1897, Victoria had written directions for her ceremony, that was to be military as appropriate a soldier's girl and therefore the head of the military, and white rather than black. On twenty five Jan, Edward VII, the Kaiser and aristocrat Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped carry her into the coffin. She was wearing a white dress and her wedding veil. associate degree array of mementos commemorative her family unit, friends and servants were ordered within the coffin along with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. one amongst Albert's dressing robes was placed by her aspect, with a patch of his hand, whereas a lock of John Brown's hair, along side an image of him, was placed in her left hid from the read of the family by a fastidiously positioned bunch of flowers. things of jewelry placed on Victoria enclosed the marriage ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her ceremony was persevered Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and once 2 days of lying-in-state, she was inhumed beside aristocrat Prince Albert in Frogmore sepulcher at Windsor nice Park. As she was ordered to rest at the sepulcher, it began to snow.
With a reign of sixty three years, seven months and 2 days, Victoria is that the longest-reigning British monarch and therefore the longest-reigning female aristocrat in world history. She was the last monarch of england from the House of Hanover. Her son and heir King of Great Britain belo
For different uses, see Empress (disambiguation).Victoria
Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg
Victoria sporting her tiny diamond crown
Photograph by Alexander Bassano, 1882
Queen of the uk (more...)
Reign 20 June 1837 – twenty two Jan 1901
Coronation 28 June 1838
Predecessor William IV
Successor Edward VII
Prime Ministers See list
Empress of Asian country
Reign 1 could 1876 – twenty two Jan 1901
Imperial Durbar 1 Jan 1877
Successor Edward VII
Viceroys See list
Spouse Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Issue
Detail
Victoria, German Emperor
Edward VII
Alice, duchess of Hermann Hesse
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Princess state capital
Princess Louise, peeress of Argyll
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
Princess Beatrice
Full name
Alexandrina Victoria
House House of Hanover
Father Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Born 24 could 1819
Kensington Palace, London
Died 22 Jan 1901 (aged 81)
Osborne House, island of Wight
Burial 4 Gregorian calendar month 1901
Frogmore, Windsor
Signature
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; twenty four could 1819 – twenty two Jan 1901) was Queen of the uk of nice Britain|kingdom} and Ireland from twenty June 1837 till her death. From one could 1876, she used the extra title of Emperor of Asian country.
Victoria was the girl of Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King King of Great Britain. each the Duke of Kent and King King of Great Britain died in 1820, and Victoria was raised below shut direction by her German-born mother patrician Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She transmissible the throne at age eighteen, once her father's 3 elder brothers had all died, effort no living legitimate kids. The uk was already a longtime constitutional autarchy, within which the sovereign control comparatively very little direct political power. Privately, Victoria tried to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; in public, she became a national icon WHO was known with strict standards of non-public morality.
Victoria married her relative, aristocrat Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their 9 kids married into royal and noble families across the continent, ligature them along and earning her the cognomen "the grandma of Europe". once Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a results of her seclusion, political theory quickly gained strength, however within the latter 1/2 her reign, her quality recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.
Her reign of sixty three years and 7 months, that is longer than that of the other British monarch and therefore the longest of any female aristocrat in history, is understood because the Victorian era. it had been a amount of business, cultural, political, scientific, and military modification among the uk, and was marked by a good enlargement of Brits Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover. Her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the road of his father.
Birth and family:
Victoria aged four
Victoria, aged four
Painting by author Poyntz Denning, 1823
Victoria was christened in camera by the bishop of town, Charles Manners-Sutton, on twenty four June 1819 within the Cupola space at Kensington Palace. She was baptized Alexandrina, once one amongst her godparents, Emperor Czar Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria once her mother. further names projected by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were born on the directions of the Duke's elder brother, the aristocrat Regent (later martyr IV).
At birth, Victoria was fifth within the line of succession once her father and his 3 older brothers: the aristocrat Regent, the Duke of royal family, and therefore the Duke of carriage (later William IV). The aristocrat Regent and therefore the Duke of royal family were alienated from their wives, WHO were each past child-bearing age, therefore the 2 eldest brothers were unlikely to possess any longer kids. The Dukes of Kent and carriage married on identical day twelve months before Victoria's birth, however each of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants. Victoria's granddaddy and father died in 1820, among per week of every different, and therefore the Duke of royal family died in 1827. On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, Victoria became inheritrix presumptive to her next living uncle, William IV. The Regency Act 1830 created special provision for the peeress of Kent to act as regent just in case William died whereas Victoria was still a minor. King William distrusted the Duchess's capability to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wished to measure till Victoria's eighteenth birthday, so a regency may be avoided.
Heiress presumptive:
Victoria along with her gun dog Dash, 1833
Painting by martyr Hayter
Victoria's sketch of herself
Self-portrait, 1835
In 1830, the peeress of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to go to the Malvern Hills, stopping at cities and nice country homes on the method. Similar journeys to different components of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was sky-high welcome in every of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was involved that they represented Victoria as his rival instead of his inheritrix presumptive. Victoria unlikeable the trips; the constant spherical of public appearances created her tired and unwell, and there was very little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, however her mother discharged his complaints as impelled by jealousy, and compelled Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria narrowed a severe fever, that Conroy ab initio discharged as a immature pretence. whereas Victoria was unwell, Conroy and therefore the peeress unsuccessfully badgered her to create Conroy her non-public secretary. As a youngster, Victoria resisted persistent tries by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her workers. Once queen, she illegal him from her presence, however he remained in her mother's home.
By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, WHO had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his kinswoman to his kinsman, aristocrat Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold organized for Victoria's mother to ask her Coburg relatives to go to her in could 1836, with the aim of introducing Victoria to Prince Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of aristocrat Alexander of The Netherlands, second son of the aristocrat of Orange. Victoria was attentive to the varied marital plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. in step with her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the start. once the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is very handsome; his hair is regarding identical color as mine; his eyes ar giant and blue, and he includes a lovely nose and a really sweet mouth with fine teeth; however the charm of his countenance is his expression, that is most pleasant."Alexander, on the opposite hand, was "very plain".
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria thought of her "best and kindest adviser", to impart him "for the prospect of nice happiness you have got contributed to relinquish American state, within the person of pricey Prince Albert ... He possesses each quality that would be desired to render American state dead happy. he's therefore wise, so kind, then smart, then amiable too. He has besides the foremost pleasing and pleasant exterior and look you'll be able to probably see."However at seventeen, Victoria, although curious about Prince Albert, wasn't nevertheless able to marry. The parties didn't undertake a proper engagement, however assumed that the match would happen in due time.
Early reign:
Drawing of 2 men on their knees ahead of Victoria
Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (left) and therefore the bishop of town.
Victoria turned eighteen on twenty four could 1837, and a regency was avoided. On twenty June 1837, The Sailor King died at the age of seventy one, and Victoria became Queen of the uk. In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at six o'clock by Mamma, WHO told American state the bishop of town and Lord Conyngham were here and wanted to check American state. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then familiar with American state that my poor Uncle, the King, was no additional, and had invalid at twelve minutes past a pair of this morning, and consequently that i'm Queen." Official documents ready on the primary day of her reign represented her as Alexandrina Victoria, however the primary name was withdrawn at her own would like and not used once more.
Since 1714, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland had shared a monarch with Hanover in European nation, however below legal code ladies were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. whereas Victoria transmissible all Brits dominions, Hanover passed instead to her father's younger brother, her less-traveled uncle the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, WHO became King Ernest Emperor of Rome I of Hanover. He was her heritor till she married and had a baby.
Coronation portrait by martyr Hayter
At the time of her accession, the govt was LED by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, WHO directly became a robust influence on the politically inexperienced Queen, WHO relied on him for recommendation. Charles Greville supposed that the single and unfruitful Melbourne was "passionately keen on her as he may be of his girl if he had one", and Victoria in all probability saw him as a father figure. Her investiture passed off on twenty eight June 1838, and she or he became the primary sovereign to require up residence at palace. She transmissible the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, and was granted a budget of £385,000 per annum. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts.
At the beginning of her reign Victoria was fashionable, however her name suffered in associate degree 1839 court intrigue once one amongst her mother's ladies-in-waiting, girl Flora Hastings, developed associate degree abdominal growth that was wide rumoured to be associate degree out-of-wedlock physiological condition by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She unloved Conroy, and detested "that execrable girl Flora", as a result of she had conspired with Conroy and therefore the peeress of Kent within the Kensington System. At first, girl Flora refused to suffer a unadorned scrutiny, till in period she eventually united, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and therefore the opposition Tories unionised a press campaign implicating the Queen within the spreading of false rumours regarding girl Flora. once girl Flora died in July, the post-mortem disclosed an oversized tumor on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".
In 1839, Melbourne resigned once Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a Bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The Bill removed political power from plantation house owners WHO were resisting measures related to the abolishment of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir political leader, to make a replacement ministry. At the time, it had been customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal home, WHO were typically his political allies and their spouses. several of the Queen's girls of the bedroom were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to exchange them with wives of Tories. In what became called the bedroom crisis, Victoria, suggested by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to manipulate below the restrictions obligatory by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, permitting Melbourne to come back to workplace.
Marriage:
Painting of a lavish wedding attended by richly dressed individuals in an exceedingly brilliant space
Marriage of Victoria and Prince Albert
Painting by martyr Hayter
See also: wedding gown of Empress
Though queen, as associate degree divorced miss Victoria was needed by social convention to measure along with her mother, despite their variations over the Kensington System and her mother's continuing reliance on Conroy.Her mother was consigned to an overseas lodging in palace, and Victoria usually refused to check her. once Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's shut proximity secure "torment for several years", Melbourne sympathised however same it may be avoided by wedding, that Victoria known as a "schocking [sic] alternative". She showed interest in Albert's education for the long run role he would need to play as her husband, however she resisted tries to rush her into union.Victoria continuing to praise Prince Albert following his second visit in October 1839. Prince Albert and Victoria felt sympathy and therefore the Queen projected to him on fifteen October 1839, simply 5 days once he had found Windsor. They were married on ten Gregorian calendar month 1840, within the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London. Victoria was blotto. She spent the evening once their wedding lying down with a headache, however wrote rapturously in her diary:
I NEVER, ne'er spent such associate degree evening!!! MY lover lover pricey Prince Albert ... his excessive love & feeling gave American state feelings of heavenly love & happiness I ne'er might have hoped to possess felt before! He clasped American state in his arms, & we have a tendency to kissed one another once more & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness – very however am i able to ever be glad enough to possess such a Husband! ... to be known as by names of tenderness, I actually have ne'er nevertheless detected wont to American state before – was walking on air on the far side belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life!
Albert became a vital political consultant yet because the Queen's companion, exchange Lord Melbourne because the dominant, prestigious figure within the half of her life. Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave sq.. once the death of patrician Augusta in 1840, Victoria's mother was given each carriage and Frogmore homes. Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and girl slowly improved.
Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford's arrange to assassinate Victoria, 1840
During Victoria's 1st physiological condition in 1840, within the 1st few months of the wedding, 18-year-old Edward Oxford tried to assassinate her whereas she was riding in an exceedingly carriage with aristocrat Prince Albert on her thanks to visit her mother. Oxford discharged double, however either each bullets incomprehensible or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot. He was tried for prime treason and located guilty, however was clean-handed on the grounds of mental disease. within the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's quality soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and therefore the bedroom crisis. Her girl, additionally named Victoria, was born on twenty one Gregorian calendar month 1840. The Queen unloved being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. even so, over the subsequent seventeen years, she and Prince Albert had an additional eight children: King of England, aristocrat of Wales (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857).
Victoria's home was mostly pass by her childhood instructor, peeress Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria, and had supported her against the Kensington System.Albert, however, thought Lehzen was incompetent, which her direction vulnerable his daughter's health. once a furious row between Victoria and Prince Albert over the problem, Lehzen was pensioned off, and Victoria's shut relationship along with her all over.
Emperor of India:
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Queen Victoria's Proclamation
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Brits archipelago Company, that had dominated abundant of Asian country, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian landmass were formally incorporated into Brits Empire. The Queen had a comparatively balanced read of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on each side. She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the results of this bloody civil war", and insisted, urged on by Prince Albert, that a political candidate proclamation asserting the transfer of power from the corporate to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and non secular toleration". At her bidding, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing spiritual freedom.
Victoria loved Heinrich von Angeli's 1875 portrait of her for its "honesty, total wish of compliment, and appreciation of character".
In the 1874 election, national leader was came to power. He passed the general public Worship Regulation Act 1874, that removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and that Victoria powerfully supported. She most popular short, straightforward services, and in person thought of herself additional aligned with the Presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He additionally pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from one could 1876. The new title was announced at the Old Delhi room of one Jan 1877.
On fourteen Dec 1878, the day of Albert's death, Victoria's second girl Alice, WHO had married Joe Louis of Hermann Hesse, died of contagion in Darmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost unbelievable and most mysterious". In could 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of patrician Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor previous sixtieth birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".
Between Gregorian calendar month 1877 and Gregorian calendar month 1878, she vulnerable 5 times to vacate whereas pressuring national leader to act against Russia throughout the Russo-Turkish War, however her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's school of thought policy, that Victoria supported, LED to conflicts like the Anglo-Zulu War and therefore the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If we have a tendency to ar to keep up our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be ready for attacks and wars, somewhere or different, frequently." Victoria saw the enlargement of Brits Empire as civilising and benign, protective native peoples from additional aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It isn't in our custom to add-on countries", she said, "unless we have a tendency to ar obligated & forced to try to to therefore."
To Victoria's dismay, national leader lost the 1880 election, and Gladstone came as prime minister. once national leader died the subsequent year, she was unsighted by "fast falling tears", and erected a monument "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."
Later years:
Victorian coin, 1884
On a pair of March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a discontented writer apparently pained by Victoria's refusal to simply accept one amongst his poems,shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor train depot. 2 schoolboys from public school affected him with their umbrellas, till he was hustled away by a peace officer. Victoria was umbrageous once he was found clean-handed by reason of mental disease, however was therefore happy by the various expressions of loyalty once the attack that she same it had been "worth being shot at—to see what quantity one is loved".
Victoria was happy once Gladstone resigned in 1885 once his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I actually have ever had", and blessed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord national capital. Salisbury's government solely lasted many months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she cited as a "half crazy & very in some ways ridiculous previous man". Gladstone tried to pass a bill granting eire self-determination, however to Victoria's glee it had been defeated. within the succeeding election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and therefore the government switched hands once more.
Golden Jubilee:
The Munshi stands over Victoria as she works at a table
Victoria and therefore the Munshi, Abdul Karim
In 1887, Brits Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden anniversary. Victoria marked the fiftieth day of her accession on twenty June with a banquet to that fifty kings and princes were invited. the subsequent day, she participated in an exceedingly procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey.By this point, Victoria was another time very fashionable.Two days soon twenty three June, she engaged 2 Indian Muslims as waiters, one amongst whom was Abdul Karim. He was shortly promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were shocked, and suspect Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim ultranationalistic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had song regarding his parentage, and rumored to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of Asian country, "the Munshi occupies much identical position as John Brown wont to do." Victoria discharged their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service till he came to Asian country with a pension on her death.Victoria's eldest girl became Emperor consort of European nation in 1888, however she was single among the year, and Victoria's offspring Wilhelm became German Emperor as Kaiser Wilhelm. below Wilhelm, Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal European nation weren't consummated. He believed in autocracy. Victoria thought he had "little heart or Zartgefühl [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence are utterly wharped [sic]".
Gladstone came to power once the 1892 general election; he was eighty two years previous. Victoria objected once Gladstone projected appointing the novel MP Henry Labouchere to the cupboard, therefore Gladstone united to not appoint him.In 1894, Gladstone retired and, while not consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and therefore the following year Lord national capital replaced him. national capital remained prime minister for the rest of Victoria's reign.
Diamond Jubilee:
Seated Victoria in adorned and lace dress
Victoria in her official jubilee photograph by W. & D. Downey
On twenty three Gregorian calendar month 1896, Victoria surpassed her granddaddy King of Great Britain because the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed till 1897, to coincide along with her jubilee, that was created a pageant of Brits Empire at the suggestion of Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain.
Victoria visited land Europe frequently for holidays. In 1889, throughout a keep in Biarritz, she became the primary ruling monarch from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to line foot in European nation once she crossed the border for a quick visit. By Gregorian calendar month 1900, the war was therefore less-traveled in land Europe that her annual trip to France appeared inadvisable. Instead, the Queen visited eire for the primary time since 1861, partly to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son male monarch ("Affie") died; "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It may be a frightful year, nothing however disappointment & horrors of 1 kind & another."
Death and succession:
Queen Victoria aged eighty, 1899
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at John James Osborne House on the island of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her visual modality was clouded by cataracts. Through early Jan, she felt "weak and unwell", and by period she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tues, twenty two Jan 1901, at 0.5 past six within the evening, at the age of eighty one. Her son and successor King King of Great Britain, and her eldest grandchild, Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm of European nation, were at her deathbed.Her favorite pet spitz, Turri, was ordered upon her deathbed as a final request.
Poster proclaiming on a daily basis of mourning in Toronto on the day of Victoria's ceremony
In 1897, Victoria had written directions for her ceremony, that was to be military as appropriate a soldier's girl and therefore the head of the military, and white rather than black. On twenty five Jan, Edward VII, the Kaiser and aristocrat Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped carry her into the coffin. She was wearing a white dress and her wedding veil. associate degree array of mementos commemorative her family unit, friends and servants were ordered within the coffin along with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. one amongst Albert's dressing robes was placed by her aspect, with a patch of his hand, whereas a lock of John Brown's hair, along side an image of him, was placed in her left hid from the read of the family by a fastidiously positioned bunch of flowers. things of jewelry placed on Victoria enclosed the marriage ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her ceremony was persevered Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and once 2 days of lying-in-state, she was inhumed beside aristocrat Prince Albert in Frogmore sepulcher at Windsor nice Park. As she was ordered to rest at the sepulcher, it began to snow.
With a reign of sixty three years, seven months and 2 days, Victoria is that the longest-reigning British monarch and therefore the longest-reigning female aristocrat in world history. She was the last monarch of england from the House of Hanover. Her son and heir King of Great Britain belo
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